Conceptual Map

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Philosophy is contained within the concept map! 

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Visualization - The Explaination of "Refractory" and "Dark"

Visuwords — Look up words to find their meanings and associations with other words and concepts. Produce diagrams reminiscent of a neural net. Learn how words associate.




Explaination of "Refractory"



Explaination of "Dark"

Christmas balls

Christmas ornaments are decorations (usually made of glass, metal, wood or ceramics) that are used to festoon a Christmas tree. Ornaments take many different forms, from a simple round ball to highly artistic designs. Ornaments are almost always reused year after year, rather than purchased annually, and family collections often contain a combination of commercially produced ornaments and decorations created by family members. Such collections are often passed on and augmented from generation to generation.

Solar Cooker - Invention from the Idea of Reflectivity

A solar oven or solar cooker is a device which uses sunlight as its energy source. Solar Cookers are a form of outdoor cooking and are often used in situations where minimal fuel consumption is important, or the danger of accidental fires is high.

There are a variety of types of solar cookers: over 65 major designs and hundreds of variations of them. The basic principles of all solar cookers are: Concentrating sunlight, Converting light to heat, Trapping heat.

Solar ovens can be used to prepare anything that can be made in a conventional oven or stove—from baked bread to steamed vegetables to roasted meat. Since solar ovens are placed outside, they do not contribute unwanted heat inside houses.Solar cookers use no fuel, which means that their users do not need to fetch or pay for firewood, gas, electricity, or other fuels.Solar cookers do not produce any smoke. Unlike cooking over an open fire, children cannot be burned by touching solar cookers, which are made from the cardboard or plastic and do not get hot.

Panel Cooker: The HotPot cooking

vessel consists of a dark pot sus-

pended inside clear pot with a lid

Box Cooker: Sun oven

Parabolic Cooker

A New Function of Cell Phone by Girls Today

Today, the function of mobile is not just making a phone call or sending a message. It has become an essential thing carried by many fashion girls every day. Since the screen of new-produced cell phone can even reflect images, now it has been always used as a mirror to make up .

Obervation Method of Eclipse in Ancient Chinese Astronomy

Eclipse is one of the important astronomical events humans can perceive by eyes, so humans pay more attention to it in ancient times. There are quantities of records of eclipse observation. In about 20 centuries BC, the earliest record of eclipse in the world is found in a Chinese chronology. It is estimated that there are about thousands of records of eclipse in Chinese chronology (the most in the world).

In ancient times, the main method of observing eclipse is reflection from water basin, which is used in 1 century BC. In Song Dynasty, people began to use oil basin instead of water basin. And in Yuan Dynasty, GUO Shoujin did measurement of eclipse by means of image by ping hole. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Astronomer, XU Guangqi had begun to observe the eclipse by means of telescope.



Reflection of eclipse in ink water basin



Chinese Ancient Astronomer "GUO
Shoujing" in Yuan Dynnasty

Lip gloss

Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. There are many varieties of lipstick. As with most other types of makeup, lipstick is typically, but not exclusively, worn by women. It is usually not worn until adolescence or adulthood.

Mediterranean House

To avoid excessive heating of homes in the south countries, the materials commonly used have light color to prevent the absorption of sunlight rays and maintain low temperatures inside the locals.

Mirror on your eyes

Rayban silver mirror

Ray-Ban is a manufacturer of sunglasses, founded in 1937 by Bausch & Lomb. They were introduced for the United States Army Air Corps. In 1999, Bausch & Lomb sold the brand to the Italian Luxottica Group. Ray-Bans were created in 1937. Some years earlier, Lieutenant John MacCready returned from a balloon flying adventure and complained that the sun had permanently damaged his eyes. He contacted Bausch & Lomb asking them to create sunglasses that would provide protection and also look elegant. On May 7, 1937, Bausch & Lomb took out the patent. The prototype, known as Anti-Glare, had an extremely light frame weighing 150 grams. They were made of gold-plated metal with green lenses made of mineral glass to filter outinfrared and ultraviolet rays. Pilots in the United States Army Air Corps immediately adopted the sunglasses. The Ray-Ban Aviatorbecame a well-known style of sunglasses when General Douglas MacArthur landed on the beach in the Philippines in World War II, and photographers snapped several pictures of him wearing them.

Cueva de los Verdes

La Cueva de los Verdes is a cave located on the island of Lanzarote. It is one of the great features of the lava tube caused by the eruption of the vulcan Monte Corona. In the Cueva de los Verdes, you can see a cave formed by two superimposed galleries, will succeed corridors, mazes, lagoons and groundwater seemingly bottomless abyss, all cleverly lit to bring out the shapes and colors of solidified lava.Thousands of lanzarotes took refuge in her womb in centuries past to save their lives in pirate attacks which devastated the island. One of the galleries has a large auditorium with a capacity of one thousand people, which are held sporadically in various musical events.

Cool Water

Cool Water is a perfume introduced in 1988 by Davidoff, now a part of Coty Prestige. The perfumer is Pierre Bourdon. Cool Water contains a blend of lavender, jasmine, oakmoss, musk, sandalwood.

The Dark Superhero

The Dark Knight

Batman is a fictional character created by the artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger. A comic book superhero, Batman first appeared inDetective Comics #27 in May 1939, and since then has appeared in many of DC Comics’ publications. Originally referred to as "the Bat-Man" and still referred to at times as "the Batman", he is additionally known as "The Caped Crusader", "The Dark Knight", and "The World's Greatest Detective".

In the original version of the story and the vast majority of retellings, Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, an American millionaire (later billionaire) playboy, industrialist, and philanthropist. Having witnessed the murder of his parents as a child, he swore revenge on crime, an oath tempered with the greater ideal of justice. Wayne trains himself both physically and intellectually and dons a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime. Batman operates in the fictional American Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his crime-fighting partner, Robin, his butler Alfred Pennyworth, the police commissioner Jim Gordon, and occasionally the heroine Batgirl. He fights an assortment of villains such as the Joker, the Penguin, Two-Face, Poison Ivy and Catwoman, influenced by the characters' roots in film and pulp magazines. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, an indomitable will and intimidation in his continuous war on crime.

A Fantastic Reflection in Nature - Mirage

A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French mirage, from the Latin mirare, meaning "to look at, to wonder at". This is the same root as for "mirror" and "to admire".

In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon which can be captured on camera, since light rays actually are refracted to form the false image at the observer's location. What the image appears to represent, however, is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind. For example, inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water.

Mirages can be categorized as "inferior" (meaning lower), "superior" (meaning higher) and "Fata Morgana", one kind of superior mirage consisting of a series of unusually elaborate, vertically-stacked images, which form one rapidly-changing mirage.

More information about Mirage

The uppermost inset frame shows an inferior mirage of the

Farallon Islands. The second inset frame is the Farallon

Islands with a green flash on the left-hand side.

The two lower frames and the main frame all show

superior mirages of the Farallon Islands.

The cause of an inferior mirage (light curvature greatly exaggerated)

Eco technology - Heat Reflective Glass

HEAT REFLECTIVE GLASS

Also known as Energy Efficient Glass, or low-e glass, heat reflective glass has a special metallic coating on one side. This very thin coating gives a slight brown or grey tint to the glass and allows the suns energy to pass through from the outside while reducing heat loss from inside the home. Heat reflective glass by itself does not improve insulation; it has to be part of a double or triple-glazed unit.

There are two types of heat reflective glass; the first is sputtered or soft-coat glass, this the coating is easily damaged by air or moisture, so it can only used on the inside of sealed double–glazed or triple-glazed units.

The second type is pyrolytic or hard-coat glass. Although this does not have to be sealed into a double–glazed unit, it is a less effective at keeping heat out of your conservatory in the summer.

Heat reflective glass will also reduce glare on really bright summer days, but still allow light into your conservatory on dull days.

More information about Heat Reflective Glass

Anti - reflection Battle of Stealth Aircraft

BACKGROUND

The first true "stealth" aircraft may have been the Horten Ho 229 flying wing fighter-bomber, developed in Germany during the last years of WWII. In addition to the aircraft's shape, which may not have been a deliberate attempt to affect radar deflection, the majority of the Ho 229's wooden skin was bonded together using carbon-impregnated plywood resins designed with the purported intention of absorbing radar waves.

Modern stealth aircraft first became possible when Denys Overholser, a mathematician working for Lockheed Aircraft during the 1970s, adopted a mathematical model developed by Petr Ufimtsev, a Russian scientist, to develop a computer program called Echo 1. Echo made it possible to predict the radar signature an aircraft made with flat panels, called facets. In 1975, engineers at Lockheed Skunk Works found that an airplane made with faceted surfaces could have a very low radar signature because the surfaces would radiate almost all of the radar energy away from the receiver. Lockheed built a model called "the Hopeless Diamond", so-called because it resembled a squat diamond, and looked too hopeless to ever fly. Because advanced computers were available to control the flight of even a Hopeless Diamond, for the first time designers realized that it might be possible to make an aircraft that was virtually invisible to radar.

More information about stealth aircraft

B-2 Spirit stealth bomber of the U.S Air Force

The F-35 Lightning II was developed by

United States, and United Kingdom

USAF F-22 Raptor stealth fighter of the 27th Fighter Squadron

Look under the skin

X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 × 10¹⁶ Hz to 3 × 10¹⁹ Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is called Röntgen radiation, after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who is generally credited as its discoverer, and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation. Correct spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s) and X ray(s). XRAY is used as the phonetic pronunciation for the letter x.

X-rays from about 0.12 to 12 keV (10 to 0.10 nm wavelength) are classified as "soft" X-rays, and from about 12 to 120 keV (0.10 to 0.01 nm wavelength) as "hard" X-rays, due to their penetrating abilities.

Hard X-rays can penetrate solid objects, and their most common use is to take images of the inside of objects in diagnostic radiographyand crystallography. As a result, the term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method, in addition to the method itself. By contrast, soft X-rays can hardly be said to penetrate matter at all; for instance, the attenuation length of 600 eV (~ 2 nm) x-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, and exposure to them can be a health hazard.

The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei (gamma rays). Older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10⁻¹¹ m, defined as gamma rays. However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum "X-ray" sources such as linear accelerators and longer wavelength "gamma ray" emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.

Change your aspect!

You can change your  appearance only through some devices like your dress or the makeup!

The use of sequins in fashion

Sequins (paillettes) are disk-shaped beads used for decorative purposes. They are available in a wide variety of colors and geometrical shapes. Sequins are commonly used on clothing, jewelry, bags and other accessories. Large sequins, fastened only at the top, have been used on billboards and other signage, particularly prior to the development of lighted and neon signs. Signs made with sequins were called schmaltz, as were the sequins themselves in that context.

Evidence exists that gold sequins were being used as decoration on clothing or paraphernalia in the Indus Valley as early as 2500BC , during the Kot Diji phase.

Although coins are still used as sequins in some cultures, modern sequins tend to be made of plastic. They may also be referred to as spangles, paillettes, or diamantes. Paillettes themselves are commonly very large and flat. Sequins may be stitched flat to the fabric, so that they do not move, and are less likely to fall off; or they may be stitched at only one point, so that they dangle and move easily, to catch more light. Some sequins are made with facets, to increase their reflective ability.

Nail polish

Nail polish (or nail varnish) is a lacquer applied to toenails and or fingernails for appearance, but also as nail protection. Polishing without adding chemical layers is called buffing. Nail polish has been traditionally worn by women, but has recently become more popular with men. Traditional colors for nail polish were red, pink and brown, and it can now be found in virtually any color. French manicures traditionally mimic the color of natural nails, using a clear, beige or soft pink polish on most of the nail with a white finish at the tips.

Black has been a popular color of nail polish with goths and punks of both genders since the 1970s, and has recently gained acceptance as a color for both men and women.

Some types of polish are advertised to cause nail growth, make nails stronger, prevent nails from breaking, cracking and splitting and stop nail biting. Nail polish may be applied as one of several components in a manicure. However, some nail treatments contain ingredients such as ammonium hexafluorophosphate. 

How to calculate the opacity? With the glossmeter!

Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light. In radiative transfer, it describes the absorption and scattering of radiation in a medium, such as a plasma, dielectric, shielding material, glass, etc. An opaque object is neither transparent (allowing all light to pass through) nor translucent (allowing some light to pass through). When light strikes an interface between two substances, in general some may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest transmitted (also seerefraction). Reflection can be diffuse, for example light reflecting off a white wall, or specular, for example light reflecting off a mirror. An opaque substance transmits no light, and therefore reflects, scatters, or absorbs all of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque. Opacity depends on the frequency of the light being considered. For instance, some kinds of glass, while transparent in the visual range, are largely opaque to ultraviolet light. More extreme frequency-dependence is visible in the absorption lines of cold gases. Opacity can be quantified in many ways.

The words "opacity" and "opaque" are often used as colloquial terms for objects or media with the properties described above. However, there is also a specific, quantitative definition of "opacity", used in astronomy, plasma physics, and other fields, given here.

In this use, "opacity" is another term for the mass attenuation coefficient (or, depending on context, mass absorption coefficient, the difference is described here). κ_ν at a particular frequency ν of electromagnetic radiation.

More specifically, if a beam of light with frequency ν travels through a medium with opacity κ_ν and mass density ρ, both constant, then the intensity will be reduced with distance xaccording to the formula

where

• x is the distance the light has traveled through the medium
• I(x) is the intensity of light remaining at distance x
• I₀ is the initial intensity of light, at x = 0

A glossmeter measures specular reflection. The light intensity is registered over a small range of the reflection angle. The intensity is dependent on the material and the angle of illumination. In case of non-metals (coatings, plastics) the amount of reflected light increases with the increase of the illumination angle. The remaining illuminated light penetrates the material and is absorbed or diffusely scattered dependent on the color. Metals have a much higher reflection and are less angle dependent than non-metals.

A glossmeter gives the amount of reflected light from a sample, compared to that reflected from a black glass calibration standard with a defined refractive index. The result is independent of the amount of incident light. The gloss value of the reference standard is defined to be 100 gloss units. Materials with a higher refractive index can have a measurement value above 100 gloss units. For transparent materials, the gloss can be increased by multiple reflections in the bulk of the material. Due to the high reflectivity of metals, values as high as 3500 gloss units can be obtained. For these applications it is common to use percent reflection of incident light rather than gloss units.

Glossmeters usage procedures. as well as their defined angles of measurement, are internationally standardized to allow comparison of measurement values. Angle of illumination is the most important criterion. To clearly differentiate between high gloss and low gloss, several different measurement angles are used, with incident angles of 20, 60, and 85 degrees the most common. The 20 degree angle is normally used for high gloss surfaces, the 60 degree angle for medium gloss surfaces, and the 85 degree angle for low gloss surfaces. Other angles of measurement are used for specific applications, such as 75 degrees for plastic film, and 45 degrees for vinyl siding. 

Forces of nature

The contrast between the moonlight and the darkness of the sea.

 Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by theMoon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth.

Most places in the ocean usually experience two high tides and two low tides each day (semidiurnal tide), but some locations experience only one high and one low tide each day (diurnal tide). The times and amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean (see figure 4) and by the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry.

Most coastal areas experience two high and two low tides per day. The gravitational effect of the Moon on the surface of the Earth is the same when it is directly overhead as when it is directly underfoot. The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead once and underfoot once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is 12 hours and 25 minutes. The high tides do not necessarily occur when the Moon is overhead or underfoot, but the period of the forcing still determines the time between high tides.

The Sun also exerts on the Earth a gravitational attraction which results in a (less powerful) secondary tidal effect. When the Earth, Moon and Sun are approximately aligned, these two tidal effects reinforce one another, resulting in higher highs and lower lows. This alignment occurs approximately twice a month (at the full moon and new moon). These recurring extreme tides are termed spring tides. Tides with the smallest range are termed neap tides (occurring around the first and last quarter moons).

A different view of a text

Il mare dell'opacità: 

una lettura di Moravia (testo originale di Palmeri Silvana)

Alberto Moravia (pseudonimo di Alberto Pincherle) (Roma, 28 novembre 1907 – Roma, 26 settembre 1990) è stato uno scrittore italiano. Considerato uno dei più importanti romanzieri italiani del XX secolo, ha esplorato nelle sue opere i temi della sessualità moderna, dell'alienazionesociale e dell'esistenzialismo.

Salì alla ribalta nel 1929 con il romanzo Gli indifferenti, e pubblicò nella sua lunga carriera più di trenta romanzi. I temi centrali dell'opera di Moravia sono l'aridità morale, l'ipocrisia della vita contemporanea, e la sostanziale incapacità degli uomini di raggiungere la felicità nei modi tradizionali. La sua scrittura è rinomata per lo stile semplice e austero, caratterizzato dall'uso di un vocabolario comune inserito in una sintassi elegante ed elaborata.